Efficient Inference on a Single GPU

In addition to this guide, relevant information can be found as well in the guide for training on a single GPU and the guide for inference on CPUs.

BetterTransformer

BetterTransformer converts 🤗 Transformers models to use the PyTorch-native fastpath execution, which calls optimized kernels like Flash Attention under the hood.

BetterTransformer is also supported for faster inference on single and multi-GPU for text, image, and audio models.

Encoder models

PyTorch-native nn.MultiHeadAttention attention fastpath, called BetterTransformer, can be used with Transformers through the integration in the 🤗 Optimum library.

PyTorch’s attention fastpath allows to speed up inference through kernel fusions and the use of nested tensors. Detailed benchmarks can be found in this blog post.

After installing the optimum package, to use Better Transformer during inference, the relevant internal modules are replaced by calling to_bettertransformer():

model = model.to_bettertransformer()

The method reverse_bettertransformer() allows to go back to the original modeling, which should be used before saving the model in order to use the canonical transformers modeling:

model = model.reverse_bettertransformer()
model.save_pretrained("saved_model")

Have a look at this blog post to learn more about what is possible to do with BetterTransformer API for encoder models.

Decoder models

For text models, especially decoder-based models (GPT, T5, Llama, etc.), the BetterTransformer API converts all attention operations to use the torch.nn.functional.scaled_dot_product_attention operator (SDPA) that is only available in PyTorch 2.0 and onwards.

To convert a model to BetterTransformer:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
# convert the model to BetterTransformer
model.to_bettertransformer()

# Use it for training or inference

SDPA can also call Flash Attention kernels under the hood. To enable Flash Attention or to check that it is available in a given setting (hardware, problem size), use torch.backends.cuda.sdp_kernel as a context manager:

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m", torch_dtype=torch.float16).to("cuda")
# convert the model to BetterTransformer
model.to_bettertransformer()

input_text = "Hello my dog is cute and"
inputs = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")

+ with torch.backends.cuda.sdp_kernel(enable_flash=True, enable_math=False, enable_mem_efficient=False):
    outputs = model.generate(**inputs)

print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))

If you see a bug with a traceback saying

RuntimeError: No available kernel.  Aborting execution.

try using the PyTorch nightly version, which may have a broader coverage for Flash Attention:

pip3 install -U --pre torch torchvision torchaudio --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/nightly/cu118

Or make sure your model is correctly casted in float16 or bfloat16

Have a look at this detailed blogpost to read more about what is possible to do with BetterTransformer + SDPA API.

bitsandbytes integration for FP4 mixed-precision inference

You can install bitsandbytes and benefit from easy model compression on GPUs. Using FP4 quantization you can expect to reduce up to 8x the model size compared to its native full precision version. Check out below how to get started.

Requirements

• Latest bitsandbytes library pip install bitsandbytes>=0.39.0

• Install latest accelerate from source pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/accelerate.git

• Install latest transformers from source pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/transformers.git

Running FP4 models - single GPU setup - Quickstart

You can quickly run a FP4 model on a single GPU by running the following code:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = "bigscience/bloom-2b5"
model_4bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_4bit=True)

Note that device_map is optional but setting device_map = 'auto' is prefered for inference as it will dispatch efficiently the model on the available ressources.

Running FP4 models - multi GPU setup

The way to load your mixed 4-bit model in multiple GPUs is as follows (same command as single GPU setup):

model_name = "bigscience/bloom-2b5"
model_4bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_4bit=True)

But you can control the GPU RAM you want to allocate on each GPU using accelerate. Use the max_memory argument as follows:

max_memory_mapping = {0: "600MB", 1: "1GB"}
model_name = "bigscience/bloom-3b"
model_4bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_4bit=True, max_memory=max_memory_mapping
)

In this example, the first GPU will use 600MB of memory and the second 1GB.

Advanced usage

For more advanced usage of this method, please have a look at the quantization documentation page.

bitsandbytes integration for Int8 mixed-precision matrix decomposition

From the paper LLM.int8() : 8-bit Matrix Multiplication for Transformers at Scale, we support Model Database integration for all models in the Hub with a few lines of code. The method reduces nn.Linear size by 2 for float16 and bfloat16 weights and by 4 for float32 weights, with close to no impact to the quality by operating on the outliers in half-precision.

Int8 mixed-precision matrix decomposition works by separating a matrix multiplication into two streams: (1) a systematic feature outlier stream matrix multiplied in fp16 (0.01%), (2) a regular stream of int8 matrix multiplication (99.9%). With this method, int8 inference with no predictive degradation is possible for very large models. For more details regarding the method, check out the paper or our blogpost about the integration.

Note, that you would require a GPU to run mixed-8bit models as the kernels have been compiled for GPUs only. Make sure that you have enough GPU memory to store the quarter (or half if your model weights are in half precision) of the model before using this feature. Below are some notes to help you use this module, or follow the demos on Google colab.

Requirements

• If you have bitsandbytes<0.37.0, make sure you run on NVIDIA GPUs that support 8-bit tensor cores (Turing, Ampere or newer architectures - e.g. T4, RTX20s RTX30s, A40-A100). For bitsandbytes>=0.37.0, all GPUs should be supported.
• Install the correct version of bitsandbytes by running: pip install bitsandbytes>=0.31.5
• Install accelerate pip install accelerate>=0.12.0

Running mixed-Int8 models - single GPU setup

After installing the required libraries, the way to load your mixed 8-bit model is as follows:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM

model_name = "bigscience/bloom-2b5"
model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

For text generation, we recommend:

• using the model’s generate() method instead of the pipeline() function. Although inference is possible with the pipeline() function, it is not optimized for mixed-8bit models, and will be slower than using the generate() method. Moreover, some sampling strategies are like nucleaus sampling are not supported by the pipeline() function for mixed-8bit models.
• placing all inputs on the same device as the model.

Here is a simple example:

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model_name = "bigscience/bloom-2b5"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_name)
model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

prompt = "Hello, my llama is cute"
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
generated_ids = model.generate(**inputs)
outputs = tokenizer.batch_decode(generated_ids, skip_special_tokens=True)

Running mixed-int8 models - multi GPU setup

The way to load your mixed 8-bit model in multiple GPUs is as follows (same command as single GPU setup):

model_name = "bigscience/bloom-2b5"
model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)

But you can control the GPU RAM you want to allocate on each GPU using accelerate. Use the max_memory argument as follows:

max_memory_mapping = {0: "1GB", 1: "2GB"}
model_name = "bigscience/bloom-3b"
model_8bit = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(
    model_name, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True, max_memory=max_memory_mapping
)

In this example, the first GPU will use 1GB of memory and the second 2GB.

Colab demos

With this method you can infer on models that were not possible to infer on a Google Colab before. Check out the demo for running T5-11b (42GB in fp32)! Using 8-bit quantization on Google Colab:

Or this demo for BLOOM-3B:

Advanced usage: mixing FP4 (or Int8) and BetterTransformer

You can combine the different methods described above to get the best performance for your model. For example, you can use BetterTransformer with FP4 mixed-precision inference + flash attention:

import torch
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer, BitsAndBytesConfig

quantization_config = BitsAndBytesConfig(
    load_in_4bit=True,
    bnb_4bit_compute_dtype=torch.float16
)

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("facebook/opt-350m", quantization_config=quantization_config)

input_text = "Hello my dog is cute and"
inputs = tokenizer(input_text, return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")

with torch.backends.cuda.sdp_kernel(enable_flash=True, enable_math=False, enable_mem_efficient=False):
    outputs = model.generate(**inputs)

print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True))